Speech: Protect Your Brand in China

文章摘要 本文围绕中国商标保护实务展开,系统梳理了商标注册的五大核心策略:及时申请以应对注册在先原则、商标命名需符合中文语言与消费习惯、以控股公司名义注册便于无形资产集中管理与风险隔离、注册范围应覆盖类似商品以防止他人抢注、保持商标与企业名称及域名的一致性以杜绝混淆。文章同时介绍了商标侵权救济的三条路径,即海关保护、行政保护和司法保护,并详细说明了司法程序中管辖法院的确定、适格当事人范围、侵权行为类型、证据要求及损害赔偿计算规则。通过德国公司被代理商抢注、蓝色风暴、凌志更名、索爱商标等典型案例,提示企业应在中国市场提前布局商标战略,并善用多元争议解决机制维护品牌权益。

Part One

Some Suggestions for Trademark Registration in China

 

 

1.  File Trademark Application in time

|          The territory trait of trademark right  

|          Principle of first to register

 

 

Case 1

One Germany company appointed a Chinese company as an authorized distributor of the products bearing its own logo. Without permission of the German company, the authorized distributor filed an trademark  application for this logo. This act has caused severely negative effects on the marketing of the Germany company.

 

 

Case 2  Trademark Infringement Case in respect of “蓝色风暴”

A wine company in Zhejiang Province was granted the trademark right of “蓝色风暴”  for the goods of beer, cola etc.

Later, they found a world famous drinks company used “蓝色风暴” in the promotion, ads and package of its cola products.

 

The judgment:

The court held that the drinks company had spent a large amount of money on the promotion of “蓝色风暴” for so long time. As a matter of fact,  “蓝色风暴” became a trademark of the drinks company. For this reason, the court held this acts is an infringement of the exclusive right regarding “蓝色风暴” of the Zhejiang wine company. 

 

 

2.  Keep in Conformity with Chinese Language Habits and Customer Habits

|          Trademarks are suggested to be Chinese words 

|          Easily-identified, easily-memorized

|          Words that are familiar to or are recognized by the customers

 

 

Case 3  Lexus

Lexus is a famous brand of Toyota. Before Toyota sold Lexus in China, it was translated as “凌志” but has not been registered. When Toyota began to sell Lexus in China, the brand name had to be changed into “雷克萨斯”, because “凌志” had been registered by someone else.

 

 

Case 4   “索爱” Trademark Case

One person filed trademark application for “索爱” and was granted exclusive right to this trademark  in 2004. One year later, Sony Ericsson company filed a request for cancelation of this trademark, but the request was  not supported by the Trademark Review and Adjudication Board  and the court.

 

 

3.  The Registration Shall be Under the name of the Holding Company

Purpose:

|          Centralized management of intangible assets

|          Transfer of Loyalty

|          Avoid being involved to liquidation or other relevant procedure of the WFOE or JV

 

 

4.  The Registration Shall Cover Similar Goods

Purpose:

|          Prevent from registration in similar goods by others

|          Prevent from potential trademark infringement

 

 

Case 5

A clothing company registered its logo in China for goods of clothes. Later the company found someone else used the same logo on glasses. Because their trademark application doesn’t cover glasses, the clothing company failed to claim for damages or stop such sales.

 

 

5.  Keep in Conformity with the Trade name and Domain name

Purpose:

|          Prevent from registration by others and customers being confused

|          Prevent from potential trademark infringement

 

 

Part Two

Remedy of Trademark Infringement

 

 

1.  Customs Protection of Intellectual Property Rights

Put on record → Apply for detaining of suspected infringing goods → Investigation of Customs→Make the decision

 

 

2.  Measures for Administrative Protection of Trademark

Report →Negotiation→Make a decision by Administration Bureau for Industry and Commerce →administrative proceedings civil proceedings 

 

 

3.  Judicial Protection of Trademark

Laws and Regulations:

|           Trademark Law of PRC,

|           Interpretations of the Supreme People’s Court on Several issues concerning the Application of Law to the Trial of Cases of Civil Disputes over the Trademarks

 

(1)Jurisdiction

|          Where the infringing acts take place

|          Where the infringing goods are stored or detained

|          Where the defendant is domiciled 

 

(2)The concerned parties

As plaintiff

|          Trademark registrant

|          licensees under sole licensing contracts

|          Licensees under exclusive licensing contracts can bring a joint suit together with the trademark registrant and can also bring a suit by themselves if the trademark registrant does not bring a suit

|          Licensees under non-exclusive licensing contracts , provided that they have been given clear authorization to do so by the trademark registrant

 

As defendant:

|          Producers of infringing goods

|          Sellers of infringing goods

|          Who counterfeit, or to make, without authorization, representations of a registered trademark of another person, or to sell such representations

 

(3)Infringing acts

|          To use a trademark that is identical with or similar to a registered trademark in respect of the identical or similar goods without the authorization from the trademark registrant;

|          To sell goods bear a counterfeited registered trademark;

|          To counterfeit, or to make, without authorization, representations of a registered trademark of another person, or to sell such representations of a registered trademark as were counterfeited, or made without authorization;

|          To replace, without the consent of the trademark registrant, its or his registered trademark and market again the goods bearing the replaced trademark

|          To use the words identical or similar to another's registered trademark as a trade name in a distinctive manner on identical or similar goods, and thus causing possible confusion among the relative public;

|          To copy, imitate, translate another's well-known registered trademark or its dominant part to be used as a trademark on non-similar or non-identical goods and thus mislead consumers and possibly causing damage to the interest of the well-known trademark  owner;

|          To registrate words identical with or similar to another's registered trademark as a domain name, and to conduct e-commerce in the goods through this domain name, which is likely to cause confusion among relative public;

|          Other infringing acts.

 

(4)The Evidence Shall be provided

|          A legitimate and effective certificate of trademark ownership or authorization;

|          Evidence of infringing acts,such as the  process of purchase of infringing goods, the infringing goods;

|          Evidence of the claim for damages.

 

(5)Calculation of Damages

|          The profit that the infringer has earned because of the infringement in the period of the infringement;

|          The injury that the trademark registrant has suffered from the infringement in the period of the infringement;

|          The appropriate expenses of the trademark registrant for stopping the infringement;

|          An amount of damages of no more than RMB 500, 000 Yuan.

 

 

Case 6  “立邦” Trademark Cases

Conflict between trademark and trade name

A company registered “立邦” as its trade name. Nippon Paint company then brought a suit against this company.

Finally, the court held the use of “立邦” as trade name violated the exclusive right of Nippon paint company and the trade name shall be changed to the words other than “立邦”.

 

 

Conflict between trademark and domain name

Nippon Paint company found that one person registered a domain name containing “nippon”. Then, under the authorization of Nippon paint company, our law firm submitted the dispute to Asian Domain Name Dispute Resolution Centre, demanding transfer the domain name “nipponpaint.asia” to Nippon Paint company.

Eventually, we won this case and the domain name had been

transferred.

 

 

Q&A

 

 

Thanks!

                 

|    Chambers Yang    Partner/Attorney

 

|     37F, Hongkong Plaza, 283 Huaihai Rd(M),Shanghai, China

|     Tel: 0086 21 6385 9090

|     Fax: 0086 21 6390 6651

|     Email: Chambers@hllawyers.com

杨春宝一级律师简介

杨春宝一级律师,大成上海高级合伙人、资本市场部主任、国资基金研究中心主任,大成中国区私募基金专业带头人、科技与文化法律研究中心联合牵头人。执业30余年,长期从事私募基金、投融资、并购重组法律服务,尤其对对赌研究颇深且具有非常丰富的实战经验,并专注于金融机构股权投资业务。2004年起多次入选The Legal 500"私募基金"和"公司与商业"等境内外各类律师榜单,代理的中国法院首例适用外国法律审理外国公司的董事损害小股东权益纠纷案入选上海高院发布的《上海法院域外法查明典型案例》和威科先行"要案头条"。入选上海涉外法律人才库、上海市司法局鼎新法治人才库、上海国有企业改制法律顾问团,具有上市公司独立董事任职资格,系多家知名高校的兼职教授或兼职研究生导师及上海市商务委跨国经营人才培训班讲师。出版《私募股权投资基金风险防控操作实务》等16本投融资法律专著。了解更多

常见法律问题

在中国注册商标为何要尽早申请?

中国商标法律制度实行注册在先原则,即商标专用权的取得以向商标主管机关提出注册申请并获得核准为前提,而非以实际使用在先为依据。这意味着即使企业先在某市场使用了商标,若未及时注册,他人抢注成功后,原使用人反而可能被禁止继续使用该商标,或者需要耗费大量成本通过异议、无效宣告等程序维权。商标权具有严格的地域性,外国企业的商标若未在中国注册,则无法直接在中国获得法律保护。该原则是商标法律体系中的基础规则,企业在进入中国市场前必须充分认识其重要性。文章中列举的真实案例充分说明了不及时注册的严重后果。一家德国公司委托中国公司作为其品牌产品的授权经销商,该经销商未经德国公司许可,擅自将德国公司的标志申请为注册商标,导致德国公司在中国市场的营销活动受到严重负面影响。另一个案例是浙江某酒公司已将蓝色风暴注册在啤酒、可乐等商品上,某世界知名饮料公司在促销、广告和包装中大量使用蓝色风暴字样,法院因该饮料公司投入巨资宣传使蓝色风暴成为其事实上的商标,认定其构成侵权。这些案例警示企业,商标被他人抢注后,不仅无法阻止他人使用,反而可能面临被诉侵权或被迫更换品牌的风险。因此,企业应在产品进入中国市场前或进入初期尽快提交商标注册申请,最晚不得晚于与合作伙伴建立商业关系之时。对于代理商、经销商等合作方,应在合同中明确商标权归属和使用的限制条款,禁止其擅自申请注册委托方商标。同时,企业应建立商标监测机制,定期检索商标公告,发现抢注行为及时提出异议或无效宣告。即使遭遇抢注,也应保存好使用证据和知名度证据,为后续法律程序提供支持。总之,尽早申请是最经济、最有效的风险防范措施。

商标侵权有哪些救济途径?

商标侵权救济途径的法律制度设计包括行政保护与司法保护两大体系,此外还有海关保护这一针对进出口环节的特殊措施。行政保护指商标注册人可以向市场监督管理部门投诉,由行政机关对侵权行为进行调查和认定,并可作出责令停止侵权、没收销毁侵权商品等行政决定。司法保护则是指商标注册人或利害关系人向人民法院提起民事诉讼,请求判令停止侵权、赔偿损失、消除影响等。海关保护针对进出口货物,权利人可向海关申请扣留涉嫌侵权的货物,再由海关依法处理。三种途径相互衔接,权利人可以依据侵权环节、证据状况和维权目标选择单独或组合使用。在实务中,选择何种途径往往需要考虑效率、成本和执行力。文章第二部分详细介绍了三种救济方式的具体操作:海关保护需要先进行知识产权备案,然后申请扣留嫌疑侵权货物,经海关调查后作出处理决定;行政保护通常由权利人向市场监督管理部门举报,经调查后作出行政决定,当事人不服可以提起行政诉讼或另行提起民事诉讼;司法保护则需遵循民事诉讼法关于管辖的规定。文章特别列举了立邦涂料公司的维权案例:针对他人将立邦作为企业名称字号使用的行为,法院认定构成商标侵权,判令变更企业名称;针对他人注册包含nippon的域名,通过域名争议解决程序成功获得域名转移。这些案例表明,商标侵权不限于商品包装上的商标使用,还包括将他人商标作为企业名称、域名等商业标识使用导致混淆的行为。权利人应全面评估侵权形式,选择最合适的救济途径。如果侵权商品涉及进出口,应优先考虑海关保护以从源头切断;如果侵权行为发生在国内市场且事实清楚,行政保护具有效率高、成本低的优势;如果涉及赔偿诉求或复杂法律问题,司法保护更为彻底。同时,权利人应当注意收集和保全证据,包括购买侵权商品的凭证、侵权物品实物、广告宣传材料、销售记录等。对于涉外争议,还可以考虑通过仲裁或域名争议解决等替代性机制处理。

如何计算商标侵权损害赔偿?

商标侵权损害赔偿的计算是司法救济的核心环节,法律确立了以权利人实际损失、侵权人获利、许可使用费合理倍数以及法定赔偿为序的认定规则。根据相关法律原则,赔偿数额应当包括权利人为制止侵权行为所支付的合理开支,如律师费、公证费、调查取证费等。实务中,权利人可以选择按自己因侵权所受到的损失计算,也可以选择按侵权人因侵权所获得的利益计算,若二者均难以确定,则可在法定限额内请求酌情赔偿。文章列举的计算依据包括:侵权人在侵权期间因侵权所获得的利润,商标注册人在侵权期间因侵权所遭受的损失,以及商标注册人为制止侵权所支出的合理费用。同时,文章还提到法定赔偿的最高限额为人民币五十万元。这一限额属于当时法律规定的司法裁量范围,后续法律已对法定赔偿上限作出调整,但实务中仍需遵循法定赔偿的一般原则。在具体案件中,证明实际损失或侵权获利往往面临证据难题。权利人需要提供侵权商品的销售数量、单价、利润数据,或者自身商品销售额下降的对比数据。若上述证据不足,法院将综合考虑商标的知名度、侵权行为的性质和持续时间、侵权规模、主观过错程度等因素,在法定限额内酌情确定赔偿额。文章中的案例显示,有时侵权人并非直接冒用商标,而是将他人商标作为企业名称或域名使用,此时损害计算更为复杂,但法院仍会根据混淆可能性、市场影响等因素支持赔偿请求。权利人在维权时应注意保存完整的账目和进货渠道信息。实务操作层面,建议企业建立商标使用和维权档案,完整保存商标注册证、许可合同、广告宣传合同及付款凭证、销售发票等。发现侵权后,立即对侵权商品进行公证购买,固定网络销售页面和支付记录。在诉讼中,可申请法院调取侵权人的财务账册,或主张适用举证妨碍规则。此外,权利人还应关注持续侵权和重复侵权的情节,在合理范围内积极主张赔偿,以有效遏制侵权行为。

以上内容仅供参考,不构成法律意见。如需专业法律服务,请联系杨春宝一级律师:chambers.yang@dentons.cn

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